The effect of estrogen on the expression of cartilage-specific genes in the chondrogenesis process of adipose-derived stem cells.

“During adolescence, sex hormones play an important role in regulating proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and the scheduled death of chondrocytes.
In the present study, we used adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) to differentiate into cartilage. Differentiated cartilage cells were used in the control (without estrogen E2 in the culture medium) and experimental (with estrogen in the culture medium) groups to evaluate the expression of type II collagen and aggrecan as chondrogenic genes markers.
Estrogen leads to inhibition of type II collagen gene expression and reduction of aggrecan gene expression.
Estrogen probably has negative effects on chondrogenesis process of ADSCs”

“17-β estradiol (E2) increased the type X collagen, inhibited the type II collagen, and reduced the proteoglycan content of the cartilage”

Since chondrocytes are what make up growth plates and growth plates are what make you taller.  This is huge.

Molecular events caused by mechanical stress in bone.

“The shape of bone changes as a result of bone remodeling corresponding to physical circumstances such as mechanical stress. The tissue which receives the loaded mechanical stress most efficiently is bone matrix. Recent studies revealed the function of osteocytes as mechanosensors in the early stage of bone remodeling. Loaded mechanical stress is converted to a series of biochemical reactions, and finally activates osteoclasts and osteoblasts to cause bone resorption and formation. Biochemical and molecular biological studies have recently resulted in the identification of the gene of which expression level is changed by mechanical stress. Nitric oxide (NO) and cAMP is secreted in response to mechanical stress in the immediate early stage. Genes encoding enzymes such as glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST), nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) and prostaglandin G/H synthetase (PGHS-2) are identified as mechanical stress-responsive. The expression level of IGF-I is enhanced under the control of PTH/PTHrP. The expression of c-fos is increased by loading of mechanical stress[LSJL upregulates C-Fos]. AP1, a heterodimer of c-FOS/c-JUN, functions as a transcription factor of downstream gene(s). Elements including AP1 sites, cyclic AMP response elements (CRE) and shear stress response elements (SSRE) are found in the promoter region of mechanical stress-response genes. The enhanced expression of osteopontin (OPN) in the osteocytes of bone resorption sites was demonstrated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry and transdifferentiation of chondrocytes with the abundant expression of BMP-2 and -4 in the process of distraction osteogenesis was observed.”

“Mechanical stress loaded to bone causes the deformation of bone matrix and generates strain force, which is thought to initiate the mechanotransduction pathway. Since the bone contains a water solution, the strain causes fluid flow in the bone matrix. These represent secondary changes known as streaming potential and shear stress. The activities of ion channels, focal adhesion kinases, as well as the structure of the cytoskeleton of the bone cells, are also modulated by mechanical stress.”<-Wish LSJL we hope that this fluid flow induces differentiation of stem cells into chondrocytes.

“GLAST mRNA expression level in the osteocytes decreased in the loaded ulnae after 6 h of load on two occasions 24 h apart.”

“OPN can inhibit the formation of hydroxyapatite. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that OPN was localized only on the surface of matured bone. In contrast, much abundant and broad distribution of OPN was observed in embryonic bone, osteoid and fractured callus”<-OPN is upregulated in LSJL.

“OPN can promote the attachment of osteoclasts possibly via interaction of GRGDS amino acid sequence of OPN and the αvβ3 integrin of the osteoclasts ”

“OPN mRNA was detected predominantly in osteoclasts and osteocytes in the resorption site of the septum.”<-This could suggest that LSJL degrades existing bone to make room for growth plates.

“After 7 days of osteoectomy in the femur of an 11-week-old rat, 0.25 mm of distraction was carried out every 12 h for 28 days. Cartilaginous external callus with endochondral ossification, and endosteal callus formation with membranous ossification were observed at the osteoectomized site. In addition to these typical ossification patterns, we observed the direct bone formation by chondrocyte-like cells with the temporal appearance of fibrous tissue“<-So cells differentiated into chondrocytes with fibrous tissues as an intermediary giving evidence of transdifferentiation.

“The molecular/histological analysis in the process of transchondroid bone formation demonstrated the expression of type II collagen mRNA in the chondrocyte-like cells at the early stage of osteogenesis. With the decrease of type II collagen mRNA, the expression level of type I collagen became enhanced at later stages.”

“the cells present in the transitional region from cartilage to fibrous tissue express alkaline phosphatase mRNA, OPN mRNA and osteocalcin mRNA simultaneously. These results suggest that the differentiation of chondrocyte to hypertrophic chondrocyte is blocked by distraction force, and indicated that chondrocyte may transdifferentiate to the osteoblastic lineage.”

One of the key parts of LSJL is to cause new growth plate formation via inducing differentiation of epiphyseal bone marrow.  This study has insight that epiphyseal bone marrow may participate in the growth plate process and thus in turn may be capable of contributing to neo-growth plate formation.

The humerus of Eusthenopteron: a puzzling organization presaging the establishment of tetrapod limb bone marrow.

“Because of its close relationship to tetrapods{A tetrapod is a four limbed organism}, Eusthenopteron{a kind of fish} is an important taxon for understanding the establishment of the tetrapod body plan. Notably, it is one of the earliest sarcopterygians in which the humerus of the pectoral fin skeleton is preserved. The microanatomical and histological organization of this humerus provides important data for understanding the evolutionary steps that built up the distinctive architecture of tetrapod limb bones. Previous histological studies showed that Eusthenopteron’s long-bone organization was established through typical tetrapod ossification modalities. Based on a three-dimensional reconstruction of the inner microstructure of Eusthenopteron’s humerus, obtained from propagation phase-contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography, we are now able to show that, despite ossification mechanisms and growth patterns similar to those of tetrapods, it also retains plesiomorphic{trait that only eusthenopteron’s have but not other tetrapods} characters such as a large medullary cavity, partly resulting from the perichondral ossification around a large cartilaginous bud as in actinopterygians. It also exhibits a distinctive tubular organization of bone-marrow processes. The connection between these processes and epiphyseal structures highlights their close functional relationship, suggesting that either bone marrow played a crucial role in the long-bone elongation processes or that trabecular bone resulting from the erosion of hypertrophied cartilage created a microenvironment for haematopoietic stem cell niches. ”

Now even though these fish and humans are different it suggests still that bone marrow has a capability to form new growth plates.

Here’s the anatomy of the mid-bone shaft of this fish(juvenile):

“(b) Virtual thin section (made along the longitudinal axis) showing the primary bone deposit of cortical bone and its connection to the spongiosa. Some remnants of calcified cartilage are still preserved at the location of Katschenko’s line (chondrocyte lacunae) and within the spongiosa (Liesegang rings).”

So “micro-growth plates” within the bone marrow.

“At mid-shaft (figure 1a), the inner surface of the cortical bone is delimited by clusters of numerous large globular cell lacunae (cl, figure 1b,d) that can be identified as chondrocyte lacunae of cartilage. This suggests that remnants of Katschenko’s line are still present. Several stacks of Liesegang rings, typical of calcified cartilage, are also notable among the endochondral trabeculae”

“In extant tetrapods, the spongiosa forms when chondroclasts create erosion bays in the cartilage that are then lined with a thin peripheral bone layer, and it is common for small remnants of calcified cartilage to be left behind by the process; spongiosa formation in Eusthenopteron appears to have been similar.”

“The trabeculae in the spongiosa [of adult fish] are greatly remodelled and show no visible remnant of calcified cartilage”

“In extant actinopterygians, the fin endoskeleton develops from a blastema that differentiates into cartilages. Perichondral bone is deposited on the surface of the cartilages and continues to grow centrifugally as periosteal bone”

“a typical metapterygial bone is composed of a cartilaginous rod surrounded by a bony tube with cartilage projecting as condyles”

“In contrast to tetrapods, actinopterygian long bones have no haematopoietic bone marrow but only fatty tissues in the spaces created by the erosion of the cartilaginous rod. Neither do they show any evidence of a growth plate with longitudinally oriented columns of chondrocytes. The large longitudinal tubular mesh observed in Eusthenopteron humerus appears to constitute the earliest and phylogenetically deepest documented occurrence of a complex functional bone marrow in the tetrapod stem group.”

“As the tubular channels in Eusthenopteron are obviously connected to the epiphyses, the appearance of a complex bone marrow seems to be related to the appearance of tetrapod-like epiphyseal structures and elongation growth. Eusthenopteron lacks the comprehensive remodelling and trabecular resorption that creates an open medullary cavity in the majority of extant tetrapods, but the reduction of trabeculae between the longitudinal tubes in the adult compared with the juvenile may represent an evolutionary precursor of this process. ”

“Tetrapod bone marrow has been shown capable of degrading cartilage proteoglycans and inducing the initial stage of endochondral ossification”

These x-rays shown in the video were taken maybe 3 years ago when I went to visit my parents and complained about pain in my lower back, knees, and left hand. They decided to send me to the hospital for a complete X-ray on the areas. You can see me explain the situation of what my growth plates are like in the video I uploaded to the Natural Height Growth YouTube channel.

Also: Subscribe to the Natural Height Growth channel by clicking HERE

So I actually got the X-rays, each costing around $250 each, and got myself checked out. I did see an orthopedic surgeon or doctor and we talked about what the pain could be coming from.

The conclusion was that I had some type of bone protrusion on the area on the top of my tibia or patella. This means that there was some type of bone longitudinal growth pushing up on the femur. This is what could be considered real longitudinal bone growth if it did happen. So the doctor said it was a type of bone spur which I had been suffering from. Apparently these “bone spurs” have a medical term for them, osteophyte.

After the talk with the “medical professional” I was not given any type of advice on how to treat the joint or bone pain. No treatment was advised except maybe to sometimes take ibuprofen or a type of NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug).

After time passed the pain sort of disappeared and the bone issue was not brought up/ ONly recently did I find those old X-rays while I was packing and I thought it would be nice to show you guys that I do indeed have X-rays taken of parts of my limbs even from 3 years back which show that I don’t even have any type of epiphyseal growth plate ossification line any more. There is nothing there. Hope you guys stick around for tomorrow when I put up a video of the books and the intensive research I have been doing.

I had written long ago a post entitled “The Tallest Ethnic Group” about the fact that it seems that the tallest ethnicity or group of people seem to be coming from the Croatian-Serbian region of the world. It was well known even from the Wikipedia article on human height in the chart for country listings that people in the Dinaric Alps region of Eastern Europe were unusually tall.

However there have been one interesting link from WiseGeek I saw maybe years ago where suggested that the one area or region in croatia or serbia which have the height gene turned up to the max is a county in Croatia known as Dalmatia, or Herzegovina, or the Montenegro region, which is probably most well know for the dogs that come from the region, Dalmatians.

Update 4/29/2013:

I will gladly admit that every single nation in the world will have its own share of giants but when we look at the percentage of people over a certain height limit and how frequent above average in height men (and possibly women) are coming out of the country, or at least being listed at local and national volleyball and basketball teams, it is rather hard not to see that Serbia and Croatia and the surrounding areas have been producing some extraordinarily tall people in the last 30-40 years. Many of them have gone on to become internationally famous athletes or entertainers. 

A recent post I found from TheTallestMan.com website suggest that the anecdotal stories seem to be true. It is Giants from Split (Croatia) by a poster named Herve on March 7, 2013

This is my post/rant for today.

In the first product review post I ever did for this website, back in July of last year, I wrote about the most “popular” or infamous Internet Marketing E-Book in this niche for growing taller called “Grow Taller 4 Idiots”. The post was entitled “Product Review 1 – Grow Taller For Idiots“.

In that post I spent over 2 hours writing out a very long, detailed analysis on why it is CLEARLY a scam. These days when I am doing real research for the height increase endeavor, all I get are new webpages and links to the same product over and over again. it is very frustrating. No other niche on the internet, except maybe for penile enlargement or pheromones to attract the opposite sex, has there been more scams.

This niche or area of research we are  in is 95% fake. And the e-book “Grow Taller 4 Idiots” is causing probably 60% of all the bad links and webpages out there.

Just look at the name of the title of the book “Grow Taller 4 IDIOTS “. I want to focus on the last word of the title, idiots. The title itself for the book “grow taller 4 idiots” directly implies that this book which you might be hesitantly considering buying to try to make yourself taller says that you are an idiot and that this book will be perfect for you.

When a person calls you an idiot it says that they think you are stupid, out of touch with reality, not self aware, or they are just using a sharp negative label to describe you, usually to characterize your intellect, personality, or character traits.

The counter argument can be made by people that there is a similar label to idiots and that is “dummy” and that the For Dummies series in terms of educational or how to books have been super popular.

Let’s look at the other label used “Dummies”. It is absolutely true that the “For Dummies” books series has become extremely popular in the last 2 decades. I will admit that I first learned how to play chess, learn about marketing, and to play the guitar by reading a “For Dummies” book. I still think the book “Chess for Dummies” is one of the funniest, simplest, informative, and most down to earth, none technical intro books for chess there is.

However there is a slight difference between the label “dummy” and “idiot”.

Dummy – if a person calls you a dummy, they are implying that you are “dumb” , but your lack of smarts is more likely due to ignorance of the facts. If you just educated yourself more on the way things really worked, your ignorance can possibly go away and the label of “dummy” will be removed. People can call a person a dummy but they do it out of affection, slight humor at the expense of the person they are calling a dummy, in a joking way, but they don’t really want to hurt the person because they still might like the person.

Idiot – if a person calls you an idiot, the indication is that they are attacking you. Being called an idiot is implying often more than just that one is lacking more than just in intelligence and shows ignorance of one’s ignorance. One is not even aware that they are not aware. Being an idiot can not be cured by studying and educating oneself alone. One can be educated and quite “book smart” but still be a labeled an idiot because they make bad choices, act inappropriately, or behave in strange ways.

Plus, why would anyone ever put in a book title for a “how to manual” 4 Idiots?

They are saying that a person who gets the book is the idiot. They are calling a person stupid to their face, and if the person still can’t understand it then they may be too dense to get that they are being tricked and scammed. So does that mean that the “idiot” deserves to be duped, scammed, and robbed of their money?

Some people say they should be but I try to be kinder. This area of endeavor is filled with false advertisements and false promises. I ask the reader and anyone who ever decides to go on the internet to never buy a book which suggest that they are an idiot for deciding to purchase an E-Book.

The book “Grow Taller 4 Idiots” is intended for only idiots. I don’t think anyone is a real, legitimate idiot so no one should be spending their money to buy the book. Stay away from this scam and look for any other Height Increase or Grow Taller Book out there that at least doesn’t try to insult the intelligence and gullibility of the person who is thinking about buying it.