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How Does Recent News About Stem Cell Production From Cloning Human Embryos Apply To Our Height Increase Research?

In recent news for the last week, there was reports coming out about the fact that a team of researchers in Oregon (Oregon Health & Science University) managed to be able to produce stem cells from cloning human embryos for the first time.

NBC News: Cloning technique produces human stem cells for the first time

What I wanted to talk about in this post is just how this type of news, about the fascinating new branch of biomedical research, will possibly effect the height increase endeavor for the coming years and even decades.

First, what is the endeavor of even doing stem cells research in the first place, at least for this group of researchers?

Answer: “…use cloning technology to make human embryos and grow stem cells from them in the hopes of making perfectly matched grow-your-own tissue transplants.”

The article writer goes into a very superficial description of what the researchers did with….

“They used a human egg cell and parts of a human skin cell to grow a very early human embryo, then transformed cells from this ball of cells into beating heart cells and skin cells. The process may eventually help treat a range of diseases, from Parkinson’s to rare inherited conditions, they reported Wednesday…”

The scientific abstract they referenced to from the journal Cell was “Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer”

Cell, 15 May 2013
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.006

Authors

Masahito Tachibana,Paula Amato,Michelle Sparman, et. al.

    Summary

    Reprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been envisioned as an approach for generating patient-matched nuclear transfer (NT)-ESCs for studies of disease mechanisms and for developing specific therapies. Past attempts to produce human NT-ESCs have failed secondary to early embryonic arrest of SCNT embryos. Here, we identified premature exit from meiosis in human oocytes and suboptimal activation as key factors that are responsible for these outcomes. Optimized SCNT approaches designed to circumvent these limitations allowed derivation of human NT-ESCs. When applied to premium quality human oocytes, NT-ESC lines were derived from as few as two oocytes. NT-ESCs displayed normal diploid karyotypes and inherited their nuclear genome exclusively from parental somatic cells. Gene expression and differentiation profiles in human NT-ESCs were similar to embryo-derived ESCs, suggesting efficient reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent state.

    Analysis #1: On a first take at looking at what is written by the journalist aka non-geneticist, they do a reasonable job in explaining the idea of stem cells to the non biologist. It is well known from high school biology that to make the initial human baby, we need two copies of human dna that would be encased in a specific type of cell. For humans, there is the male and female sex cells. The biological name for human sex cells is gametes. The female gamete is the ovum (or egg) and the male gamete is the sperm. It required the sperm which is much smaller than the egg to borrow itself into the female egg and then inject its DNA within the egg’s nucleus to the egg’s DNA to start the initial spark of the human organism’s creation.

    The combined result is known as the zygote. from the Wikipedia article on the Zygote…

    “…In multicellular organisms, it is the earliest developmental stage of the embryo. In single-celled organisms, the zygote divides to produce offspring, usually through meiosis. Meiosis is the formation of gametes. Mitosis is the process of cell division….”

    and

    “All mammals go through the zygote stage of life. Mammalian zygotes eventually develop into a blastocyst, after which they are more generally termed an embryo, and then a fetus.

    A human zygote exists as a single cell before undergoing cleavage, forming blastomeres,[5] and becomes a blastocyst on the fifth day.”

    This shows that for the human, a mammal, the way we can visualize it can be like….

    Sperm + Egg (Ovum) = Zygote (undergoing cleavage) —> Blastomeres —> Blastocyst —> Embryo —> Fetus —> Baby (prenatal) —> actual birth —> Baby (neonatal).

    What I had found out from doing gene therapy research was that apparently one can do genetic engineering not just on one cell (ie a single zygote) at a time but that genetic engineering can be done on multiple cells at the same time, at least when the multicellular organism is still ni the infancy of its development which would be when it is still making the blastomeres or in the blastocyst stage.

    What the University researchers did was to combine the human egg and then one skin cell from explanted adult human skin tissue. The DNA in the skin cell was taken and injected deep into the nucleus of the egg so that the normal fertilization process would start. The very early embryo the author is talking about is probably the blastocyst that develops after a few days from the initial combination.

    Note what the article quotes next….

    Stem cell Oregon Health Science University“These stem cells are kind of very early unprogrammed cells but they have the capacity to become any other cell type,” says Shoukhrat Mitalipov, who led the research.

    These cells are very different from so-called adult stem cells, like those taken from bone marrow. Adult stem cells cannot give rise to cells of other tissue types — blood cells cannot be used to make brain cells, for instance.

    This shows another important point about stem cells. There are different types of stem cells. We have mostly talked about mesenchymal stem cells that can differentiate into the chondrocytes and then the cartilage tissue we want. However the stem cells are still not as powerful as the stem cells one can find in embryos, which are termed pluripotent. pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell found in the human body. The stem cells of the human bone marrow have a limited range of cells that they turn into. For our endeavor, maybe we have to find the more powerful types of stem cells needed since maybe the mesenchymal stem cells in our intermedullary cavities are already too old or “differentiated” to far to be effective. The article does quote one of the researchers on the team…

    “These stem cells are kind of very early unprogrammed cells but they have the capacity to become any other cell type,” says Shoukhrat Mitalipov, who led the research.”

    The reason these guys chose to use very early stage cells was to have more power/ability for the cells.

    From looking at the diagram picture above by the people who wrote the article (all credit goes to them) it seems that my initial analysis was wrong about what they did. They seem to extract the nucleus from the skin cell, not the DNA as I said. That actually makes more sense because one can’t extract the entire chromosome set very easily, much less the DNA strands. It makes more sense to remove the nucleus. So the nucleus is removed from the skin cell.

    The Ovum/Egg has its own nucleus removed. Maybe there was some very small, very sharp, and accurate pliers or tongs to remove it. After the nucleus in the egg is removed, the nucleus from the skin is implanted. The technique that the researchers used was known as “somatic cell nuclear transfer”. The thing about why this technique seems to succeed where cloning of humans didn’t work before was because the donated human egg provides fresh & rejuvenating DNA.

    It seems that groups of researchers have tried before to clone humans or at least make stem cells that they can use to make organs and tissues that can be implanted in humans who suffer debilitating injuries. There have been groups of researchers who have tried to use the “leftover” stem cells in fertility clinics. There have been other researchers who try to “trick” ordinary skin cells into remodelling themselves into different tissues.

    I will use a diagram I took from the Wikipedia article on Stem Cell Potency

    Stem Cell Potency Diagram

    What we are seeing is that

    Something to note here is the term “Oocyte”. From the Wikipedia article on oocytes

    An oocyteoöcyteovocyte, or rarely ocyte, is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction. In other words, it is animmature ovum, or egg cell. An oocyte is produced in the ovary during female gametogenesis. The female germ cells produce a primordial germ cell (PGC) which undergoes mitosis to form an oogonium. During oogenesis the oogonium becomes a primary oocyte.

    Analysis #2:

    Let’s go back to the scientific article that was cited, Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

    Summary

    Somatic Nuclear TransferReprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been envisioned as an approach for generating patient-matched nuclear transfer (NT)-ESCs for studies of disease mechanisms and for developing specific therapies. Past attempts to produce human NT-ESCs have failed secondary to early embryonic arrest of SCNT embryos. Here, we identified premature exit from meiosis in human oocytes and suboptimal activation as key factors that are responsible for these outcomes. Optimized SCNT approaches designed to circumvent these limitations allowed derivation of human NT-ESCs. When applied to premium quality human oocytes, NT-ESC lines were derived from as few as two oocytes. NT-ESCs displayed normal diploid karyotypes and inherited their nuclear genome exclusively from parental somatic cells. Gene expression and differentiation profiles in human NT-ESCs were similar to embryo-derived ESCs, suggesting efficient reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent state.

    Interpretation

    What we see is that this experimental study somehow managed to figure out around the decade old problem on how to create stable human nuclear transfer-embryonic stem cells (NT-ESCs)

    As states in the introduction of the article…

    In humans, SCNT was envisioned as a means of generating personalized embryonic stem cells from patients’ somatic cells, which could be used to study disease mechanisms and ultimately for cell-based therapies (Lanza et al., 1999; Yang et al., 2007). However, the derivation of human nuclear transfer-embryonic stem cells (NT-ESCs) has not been achieved despite numerous attempts during the past decade. The roadblock responsible for failure is early embryonic arrest of human SCNT embryos precluding derivation of stable NT-ESCs. Typically, SCNT embryos fail to progress beyond the eight-cell stage, presumably due to an inability to activate critical embryonic genes from the somatic donor cell nucleus (Egli et al., 2011;Noggle et al., 2011)

    After noticing in lab rhesus monkeys that their fibroblast skin cells could be reprogrammed into the NT-ESCs they were looking for so they state “…Therefore, we reasoned that, similar to other mammals, human MII oocytes must contain reprogramming activity.”

    This is where they got the idea of using the very early stage of the ovum right before fertilization and removing the nucleus for its reprogramming activity.

    For the researchers who are going to use the stem cells that make tissue for medical reasons , I agree with the general idea that the best option for people is to become their own donors since it seems that it is much harder for some people to find that perfect donor for them.

    As stated in the article….

    “…using a patient’s own cells offers potentially huge advantages. “A lot of patients don’t have an optimal donor,” he said. So bone marrow transplants are done only for the patients in the most dire need.

    “If we could make every patient their own donor … we would bypass the transplant barrier,” he said. “Everyone could be a donor for themselves.”"

    Implications For Height Increase Research:

    We found that from our bone marrow, which is what is inside the long bone intermedullary cavity, some types of stem cells which have limited differentiating ability. They can differentiate into chondrocytes if we really focused on just finding the right growth factors to induce them into the chondrogenic lineage, although it seems that most growth factors are both osteogenic and chondrogenic. If we can get the stem cells ,in say the epiphysis or diaphysis, to turn chondrogenic, there is still not enough time for them to form the cartilage tissue needed to expand and push the bones longitudinally before turning into the osteblasts and osteocytes. The recent news about this group of university researchers in oregon makes me think about the possibility of injecting the newly created stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer into human bone for to form cartilage tissue or growing the blastocytes derived into epiphyseal hyaline cartilage. This approach may be the easiest way to make real growth plates in the lab using non-controversial methods like taking the pluripotent stem cells from embryos.  

    Featured post

    Japanese Olympic Medalist Figure Skater Daisuke Takahashi Expresses Desire To Become Taller And Have Longer Limbs

    Sometimes it really surprises even me just how common the desire to become taller is, even among the best, most talented, most accomplished, and most beautiful humans on earth. I had written about the fact that the immensely popular, international Korean singer Boa had expressed constantly her regret in not drinking enough milk when she was younger and desiring to be taller in the post “Korean Singer Boa Is Dissatisfied Over Her Height”. I was reading the news on CNN and the story of this olympic medalist japanese figure skater named Daisuke Takahashi appeared which got me interested. It seems that for this Japanese young male, he really cares about how he looks and seems to have some type of insecurity over how he looks compared to other people, even after all he has accomplished.

    I will be only taking a small section of the full article to show where he talks about his desire to become taller.

    CNN Article: Daisuke Takahashi: Japan’s golden boy on the importance of being ‘gorgeous’


    Despite his success — he also won silver at last year’s worlds — the 27-year-old admits he still looks up to his rivals.

    “I never thought I have anything special. I’ve always thought about what I don’t have compared to other skaters,” he says.

    “I tend to think like other skaters get more applause than I do. I constantly think about ways I can level up, and I’m often jealous of other skaters,” he adds, laughing. “When I see someone’s cool performance, it makes me want to be like them, and that’s what motivates me.”

    A big part of figure skating is the outfits — often elaborate lycra creations that might otherwise seem more at home in a musical stage show.

    “I don’t have long legs and arms, and I am … short,” quips Takahashi. “So I want something that makes me look taller and with longer legs and arms.

    “I want something will make me a bit bigger, and so something with flaps that give my arms a little flow.”


    I guess the thing to really understand is that maybe this desire to become taller is something that people wish for because they are constantly comparing themselves to other people and go through cycles of feeling inadequate, unattractive, jealousy, and competitiveness.

    This innate desire to always be comparing ourselves to other humans to see who is better off, in terms of all the measurable (and non measurable) qualities that make life better may be something that can not be turned off. Insecurity runs in almost everyone expect the most secure people with the highest levels of self esteem. Maybe the reason why we all seem to want to be taller is because we can’t fully accept ourselves with who we are and when we look at our naked bodies in the mirror, we feel only disappoint.

    However, would being taller solve all of our self esteem issues? If we did find an alternative solution to become taller than through limb lengthening surgery, and we had the procedure done to us to make us into the height we desired, would that stop our madness to want to improve ourselves and keep growing (figuratively)?

    I don’t know what Daisuke Takahashi is thinking in his head, and can only guess at the possible reasons on why he wishes for his limbs to be longer. He says that with having longer limbs he would be better looking. All I wanted to say is that this young man who is loved by his nation and admired throughout the world still wishes to become better looking by being taller.

    I guess height is something that will always be valued and strived for.

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    Jim Vieira At TEDx With HIs Talk On Native American Giants With Red Hair And Double Row Teeth

    Note: There is a very high chance at some point within the next few years that I will be forced by some government agency representatives to take down this post, and maybe even this entire website due to the sensitive information that I post on this website. This post could be one of the types of information which will get me in trouble.

    abraham lincoln giantsI have been thinking over the question of whether it was possible before there was any written record of possible tribes or small groups of ethnicities in human history where the people somehow managed to reproduce and create humans of extremely tall stature. I wrote a post a while ago entitled “Could Giants Found In Legends, Myths, And Stories Really Have Existed In Human Past History?” where it seems that there are some archeologists or historians who believe that human giants did exist in the past, and the view is promoted by people who delve and investigate into the esoteric, paranormal, and supernatural phenomena. Another Youtube video I would find and listen to where a guy who was a stone mason named Jim Vieira would go on this show called Coast to Coast and talk about the fact that he somehow found large mounds close to where he lives and after he investigated further on what were the mounds, he came the conclusion that they were burial sites for ancient native american tribes where the people were extremely tall.

    It seems that this guy named Jim Vieira gave a talk and it was at TEDx at Shelburne Falls. On national radio he claims that it (the video) has gone viral and became one of the biggest, most watched videos from TEDx in the country. The talk was entitled “Stone Builders, Mound Builders and the Giants OF Ancient America”. The uploader goes by the name acmthcI have embedded the TEDx talk of Jim Vieira below at the bottom of this post. 

    Update 5/15/2013: The video I embedded below seems to have been deleted by the uploader. If you would like to see the video, do a search on google for the video.

    Summary Of The Video:

    It is very interesting that one of the most famous and loved American presidents Abraham Lincoln, who was known as Honest Abe, would also write about these giants from the video.

    It seems that the Smithsonian has gotten at least a few giant skeletons throughout its history and they have not revealed those to the general public.

    Interesting also, I found another Youtube video talk with Vieira where he was being interviewed by the host of Coast to Coast . It was entitled “The Suppressed Evidence of Giants & Ceremonial Structures”. The uploader was DiscloseTruthTV. The video is around an hour and 15 minutes. In this interview, he goes much deeper in detail and explanation on what he has found in his 20 years of research.

    Personal Analysis:

    New York Times GiantsThe first thing that really got my attention was the fact that there has been so many skeletons of large humans or humanoids found especially during the 19th century. It seemed like every few years people were digging up graves of ancient native american burial sites back then. There was a few skeletons that even the Smithsonian would get but they never put on display. Interesting, some of the most famous circus show giants that were labeled freaks had their own skeleton placed in exhibit after their death. It would seem not that far fetched if the smithsonian did decide from getting so many giant skeletons that they would at least put up one of them on exhibit in showing the possibility that the natural history lessons we learned in school may not be completely accurate on how human kind has diverged and converged in its evolution. I personally believe that there have been a few tribes or small pockets of groups of ethnicities throughout human history where people did end up around the 7-8 feet mark. It is interesting that even our former presidents like Abraham Lincoln and George Washington both make references to these giant skeletons that were found in their writings. During the late 1800s, even The New York Times would write sections talking about giant skeletons found.

    There have been a few thigh bones where the bones were putting to carbon dating to find out how old they were but those results were never revealed. I would guess that the bones would turn out to be much older than most historians would believe.

    The implication I am trying to make is that if a sub-branch of the human race did at some point manage to reproduce to create tribes that were of extreme stature, then it shows that the human body which is bipedal in nature may be able to grow to upwards of 8-10 feet in height without any major serious medical pathology. This means that for us as height increase seekers, that even if we might not be able to make ourselves taller, we might be able to manipulate the reproductive process to creature much taller offspring and spark a new trend in human evolution towards increased height for future generations turning them into true giants.


    Featured post

    Can A Person Increase Their Height And Grow Taller Through Hypnosis Or Hypnotherapy Using Dr. Laura De Giorgio Deep Trance Now Grow Taller Program?

    I wanted to go back at the idea of possibly using the technique of hypnosis and/or hypnotherapy to make people grow taller. I had previously looked at the idea briefly of hypnosis when I wrote articles about the 1 infamous case behind the late great Dr. Milton Erickson in the post ”
    Milton Erickson’s Legend of 12 Inch Height Increase” which has been mentioned over and over again by hypnotherapists, NLP practitioners, and height increase seekers which seems to give their way of thinking validation.

    Note only that, I would write three more posts either about hypnosis or very closely related to the idea of using hypnosis derivative to possibly increase a person’s height.

    This post is to look at the hypnosis program sold on the Deep Trance Now website which is one of the only types of audio programs currently sold on the internet which claim that just by listening to the files, one will grow taller. Recently I noticed that people have been asking me through the website email for the program by Dr. Lauro Giorgio which claims that from her audio program of listening to soothing, mind manipulating sounds, a person can be induced into a state where they can command their body to start growing taller again, even after bone maturation.

    The PDF for the program Grow Taller With Hypnosis by Dr. Laura De Giorgio Ph.D is availably just by clicking on the link. In addition, I have also uploaded to the website database a supplement PDF she had written for the DeepTranceNow.com website which is called Grow Taller Bonus Report which is a 123 page long report.  She is accredited with being a….

    • Clinical Hypnotherapist
    • NLP Master Practitioner
    • Member of the American Board of Hypnotherapy
    • Having a Doctorate degree, Ph. D.  (mostly likely in something related to psychology)

    It seems this “doctor” who really is using the title because she has a doctorate degree and not a real medical school derived M.D, is based in somewhere of the city of Toronto, although that location is just listed as the mailing address.

    I have clipped a photo to show that the over 340 MB program consists of 13 MP3 files. The program is a rather large file so it is not easily possible for me to upload the file through FTP to the host’s directory for easy download. If you wish to get the program, you would have to give me the name of place where I can upload a file around 340 MB easily.

    Dr. Laura De Giorgio Grow Taller Program

    I actually have had some experience with hypnotherapy and the art of Neuro-Linguistic Programming, looked into the technique known as Emotional Freedom Technique, or “tapping” as it is called. I even once wrote a few posts long ago looking at the idea of whether NLP can be used to make people taller.

    It is really difficult to figure out who are the real people who are trying to help people and the scam artists who are just trying to make a quick dollar from calling themselves “self help gurus” or “lie coaches” after taking a 6 month program from a licensed NLP Master Practitioner or not even having any type of license or accreditation at all. The fact that this NLP practitioner has tried to go into the real of body transformation, but especially height increase is a vey big leap on their part.

    I once wrote about the idea of whether praying would help since it would seem superficially logical that hypnosis is similar to praying, since the person doing it or having the process done on them is trying to change their state or emotions.

    Does Praying Or Wishing To Grow Taller Really Increase Height And Make You Taller?

    Praying is just another way to make a person change their thinking and emotional state. Hypnosis is similar, where there is no real physical external stimuli being applied to the person’s body, and definitely nothing that would be able to remodel the bone size in the indidivual.

    I also once wrote about the old height increase “guru” Zixia (or Lisa) who claimed that through mental visualization, and the ancient Chinese art of Qigong one can grow taller even after bone maturity. This involved something similar to the praying and the hypnosis, since there was a lot of visualization, but no real stimuli on the bones.

    Of course later I would find evidence that she might have not be honest after there was evidence that she was indeed getting a little bit of money from giving advice to people over the internet on how to grow taller. She had claimed that she had received do financial incentives.

    Analysis & Interpretation:

    This program which is supposed to make a person taller through NLP & Hypnotherapy techniques is a little different from the other “grow taller programs” out on the internet. Most people try to sell a PDF as an E-Book or sell some herbal formulation or supplement-like pill and brand it as a “grow taller” product. This is a rather large program which is at least an hour long where the person talking on the MP3 files, who I assume is Dr. De Giorgio is doing the traditional hypnosis techniques, like changing the person’s state, developing stronger rapport, doing fractionation, and suspending the critical factor. Like I said before in this post, I have studied NLP before (a few months) intellectually reading up on the mechanics of the skill developd my Grinder and Bandler 30 years ago although I never tried to actually use it in the field and practice it on myself or other people. The fact that I have mentioned the Peak Performance Coach Anthony Robbins in  quite a few of my posts should have suggested that I was aware that there might be people who would reference the Dr. Milton Erickson anecdotal, now almost mythical, story where he made a 20 year old male grow in height by 12 inches within a year’s time.

    In ther beginning, when I was developing the website at breakneck speed, I had found the Grow Taller Program by Dr. Laura De Giorgio and decided immediately that it was just another scam and fake program that can’t work so I put the website in the Scams” section. Later, I would decide to go back to look at the program more seriously, and maybe even change my objective opinion.

    After looking back at the website, I noticed a few things I have not seen before, most definitely because the 1st time around, I did not take any time to really look at the website. From looking at the copyright information at the bottom, I find that the website has been around a LONG time, since 2001. The webpages are designed in a fashion that tells the internet marketer that it was done probably years ago. There are youtube videos embedded like something called “Growth Hormone Booster, Brainwave Entrainment”.

    When I looked at the front page, I realized that the website is much bigger and not just about growing taller, but that this person who is selling hypnosis programs seem to have created a subliminal hypnosis program for every type of thing that a person can think off. There are programs to make a person attract the opposite sex, increase the penis size, eyesight improvement, remove infertility, turn oneself invisible, find lost treasure, protect oneself from energy vampires, and soooo much more.

    This made me realize that the person or team who has created this website has shifted away from just trying to solve one specific problem, but diversified out to create programs for almost every type of desire or problem there is. The general idea is that somehow hypnosis will reprogram the subconscious to solve every single problem a person can ever have. There are even programs to help people increase their chances to win the lottery or at gambling at the casinos.

    If this person or team is willing to make such insane, preposterous claims like one can turn oneself invisible using hypnosis, then it is not a large stretch to assume that they would also say that a person can grow taller using the same basic type of pattern for hypnosis. It seems that one can develop supernatural powers and turn themselves into superhuman if they just focus on the programs that they buy off of the internet.

    There are testimonials and success stories but they can be just fake written by the seller to make themselves seem more legitimate. there is even a program where the hypnotherapist will offer “coaching” at $120 for a 50 minute Skype exchange, phone call, or even just email exchanges…

    Grow Taller Online Coaching / Hypnosis Sessoin
    through phone, Skype, or e-mail exchange 
    1 session – $120 (approximately 50 min)

    For the 12 CD set program, you pay $200 dollars. For the 16 CD set program you pay $270. From the looks of it, I would guess that there is not even a physical product that they would ship to you, but an electronic product that you will download from a secret link that they reveal to you only after you put your credit card information in.

    I guess the only thing I wanted to say is that this website and Dr. De Giorgio, if that is even a real person, is selling a program that can NEVER work. The website does not just sell to people who wish to become taller, but also sell the same hypnosis technique format for at least dozens of other problems. The hypnosis may not be a complete scam for other problems, like trying to cure phobias and remove negative thoughts, since there has been enough cases in NLP’s history to show that the hypnotherapy derivative does have some use, but for something like to make a person who have closed growth plates grow more is too outlandish a claim.

    The Grow Taller Program by Dr. Laura De Giorgio will not work so at least for this endeavor, it is a scam.

     

     

     

    Evidence Showing Layers Of Hyaline Cartilage In Adult Human Intervertebral Disk And Bone Junction (Important)

    Something that I finally have found evidence for and many height increase researchers have suspected have turned out to be true from recent research.

    A finding in a Pubmed article “On vertebral body growth.” reveals a piece of information that most professional physicians would know but most amateur height increase researchers might not know is…

    “…Unlike other long bones of the skeleton, vertebral body epiphyses never ossify, and after the end of the growth period of life they are reduced into thin plates of hyaline cartilage which are situated between vertebral body and intervertebral disc….”

    I always thought that there was some layer of cartilage left from the ossification process of the normal bone development process and it seems that we might all be right about it. After typing the phrase “Intervertebral Disk Cartilage” into google, I found even more evident that there are cartilage in adult human vertebrate bones

    From a webpage of a sort of advanced Biology or Anatomy Medical School course entitled ANAT D502 – Basic Histology - Cartilage, Bone & Joints, Bone Formation Pre-Lab - revised 9.23.12″ which is from Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis.

    vertebral disk cartilage


    Something to notice is that there is supposed to be layers of hyaline cartilage surrounding the nucleus pulposis and anulus fibrosis.

    While the intervertebral disk consists of only the…

    1. Anulus Fibrosis
    2. Nucleus pulposis

    The two layers surrounding the intervertebral disks and are in the juntion between the disks and the vertebral bone are where the hyaline cartilage are supposed to be. The entire thing is called intervertebral symphysis. I would guess that the layer of hyaline cartilage is made much bigger to be used in the diagram but it should be there in adult humans.

    Another PubMed article “Morphology of the cartilaginous endplates in human intervertebral disks with ultrashort echo time MR imaging.

    It definitely suggest that at the ends of the disks are these surfaces of the bone which are covered in cartilage, just like how the ends of a long bone, (ie femur) have a layer of articular covering them. More images show the same, thing although it is never explicitly stated that the diagrams are for adults. we know that in children who are still growing, there has to be some sort of endplate which acts like a growth plate. I am suggesting that the diagrams are for adults, which would give us hope.

    vertebrate bone cartilage

    cartilageWhile this is sort of exciting, potentially good news, it is important to always be cautious in being too over-optimistic. I would refer to the study “Articular cartilage and intervertebral disc proteoglycans differ in structure: An electron microscopic study”

    Abstract

    Articular cartilage and the intervertebral disc tissues have different material and biological properties and different patterns of aging and degeneration. To determine if the proteoglycans of these tissues differ in structure, we used the electron microscopic monolayer technique to compare baboon articular cartilage proteoglycans with baboon annulus fibrosus, transition zone, and nucleus pulposus proteoglycans. Intervertebral disc and articular cartilage porteoglycans differed signficantly. Articular cartilage contained large proteoglycan aggregates formed from hyaluronic acid central filaments, multiple monomers, and large nonaggregated monomers. These molecules were identical to those of nasal cartilage, growth plate cartilage, chondrosarcomas, or menisci. In contrast, the intervertebral disc tissues contained only nonaggregated proteoglycan monomers and clusters of monomers without apparent central filaments. Intervertebral disc nonaggregated monomers were shorter and more variable in length than those from articular cartilage, and nucleus pulposus nonaggregated monomers were even shorter and more variable in length than transition zone and annulus fibrosus monomers. These observations suggest that significant differences in proteoglycan metabolism exist between articular cartilage and intervertebral disc.

    Conclusion:

    There is studies and anatomical diagrams showing evidence that there is a layer of very thin hyaline cartilage that is still there even in adult humans. If that is the case, we might have another source of mesenchyme we can try to work with to stimulate height increase. This new development will allow height increase researchers to push in an entirely new direction in research, through possible stimulation of the torso.

    Update #2: What Have I Been Doing To Grow Taller And Become Healthier – May 1st, 2013

    In the last month I have started to add new exercises and ideas into my everyday schedule to optimize my body condition.

    So this has been what resulted. Since I came back to the USA, Seattle specifically I went to see a new family doctor or someone who specialized in Internal Medicine. Since this is a new doctor, they took measurements of my stats.

    The metal weight scale and stadiometer device in the doctor’s office said that in my socks, with me not really trying to stand up completely straight, I was at exactly 181 cms. I noted that in the doctors office they try to be very accurate on one’s measurements. I felt the metal edge touch the skin on the top of my head. So the measured value of 181 cms is sort of expected of where I am supposed to be. This was measured around 1:00 pm in the afternoon, after I had been awake for maybe 5-6 hours, so obviously I took into consideration the fact that my body did experience some time feeling the effects of vertebral decompression.

    Height: 5′ 11.26″ or 1.81 meters tall

    In terms of my weight, I weighed a ridiculous 219 lbs. That is 1 lb short of 100 kgs! Since my weight fluctuates so much due to different times of the day and whether I ate or not, I will just say that I weigh maybe 3 lbs less now, discounting the fact that during the weigh in I had my jeans and large belt on.

    Weight: 216 lbs or 97. 98 kgs

    I was very surprised with my weight since the last time I checked, which was more than 1 year ago I had weighed around 187-189 lbs. That means that I have gained around 30 extra lbs in the last year of my life. I guess it is true that one really does have trouble keeping the weight off as one grows older.

    So what was my action plan to get healthier, loss weight, gain strength, and possibly regain any lost height back?

    Well, the first thing I did was that after getting multiple car parking tickets, I decided to sell my car. So in terms of course of action.

    1. I sold my car which I had for over 3 years. – Went on craigslist and managed to sell it for a reasonable price to a private buyer. The transaction went relatively smoothly.

    2. I bought a 21 speed Diamondback Bike from Dick’s Sporting Goods store - I have been using the bike to get around anywhere within a 5 mile radius. The hardest part about getting this multiple gear bike is figuring out how to switch gears going up hill. Since I haven’t riden a bike in almost 12 years the process was really hard, painful, but very good overall for my health.

    Since I used AirBnB.com to find a place for the short term, I ended up staying with a group of people who lived on a hill. The bicycling was really hard for the first week until I learned that there was a bus that was right beside the house.

    For Height Increase purposes, I looked for the bike which had the largest wheels and I pushed the seat up high so that I would be forced to stretch out my legs out when I am pedaling.

    3. I bought a Seattle and the Greater Puget Sound Public Transportation Pass. These are known as Orca Cards. They seem to be good for not just the bus, but also the Tram, the Light Rail, the train ,and the ferries. As it says on the website…“ORCA is accepted on: Community Transit, Everett Transit, King County Metro Transit, Kitsap Transit, Pierce Transit, Sound Transit and Washington State Ferries.” 

    When I compare the cost of driving and the fact that gas seems to cost around $4.00 per gallon these days, it seems logical to choose the Bike + Public Transportation combination.

    4. Just in case, there was no public transportation nearby and I had to get to places, I signed up an application for ZipCar and added the app Lyft to my iphone, which is similar to the function of Zipcar but the application process is much simpler.

    5. I went to the local city Aquatic Center and bought a month or 30 day pass. – Everyday I spent around 1 hours riding the bike to the aquatic center and getting an hour of swimming.

    The focus has been on stretching out the torso and doing the Butterfly Stroke. In combination, I would also add a round of stretching the back and torso twisting along with the swimming.

    6. I noticed that my legs, lower back, knees, and butt area becoming very sore from so much bicycling so I found a mechanical massager that can help stimulate the muscles to relax. - I did notice that if one used the stronger massagers for a longer than average time, the vertebrae actually decompress since the muscles in the middle and lower back are not being decompressed so much. The massager that works amazingly well for me is Human Touch Swan Softouch HT-1280 Personal Massager.

    As for height, I noticed that after a 20 minute application of the personal massager, the body feels looser and the vertebrate seems to decompress slightly.

    7. Shaving my long hair to a very short length so that any measurements I do make will be much more accurate. I went for a very short buzz cut so now my hair is only a fraction of an inch in length. The measurements on height have been much more accurate and consistent.

    So the things that I did to getting healthier and regain some lost height this months are…

    • Swimming 1 hour a day almost every day focusing on the butterfly stroke. 
    • Supplementing the swimming with back stretching exercises and torso twisting.
    • Using a bicycle with elevated seats for most of my transportation needs.
    • Using a strong hand held massager to decompress vertebrae.

    Results:

    I did a check on my height and noticed that my morning (right out of bed) height after just 2 weeks seemed to increase by a few millimeters (2-3) when I measured in front of the mirror and drawing a line horizontally at the place of my very first measurement. However that is my morning height.

    That’s all for now today.

    Two Major Breakthroughs In Research Made (Big Breakthrough!)

    Something that I had discovered while I was doing research on the retinoic acid in the post Endogenous Retinoic Acid Negatively Regulates Growth Plate Chondrogenesis And Longitudinal Growthwere two compounds which really got me excited in the research.

    It seems that while retinoic acid inhibits longitudinal growth of the long bones, it’s antagonist known as the Retinoic Acid Receptor antagonist (aka RAC antagonist) seems to be able to actually reverse the inhibitory effects of RA. it seems to be able to make the mineralization, calcification, and chondrocyte maturation process go in reverse and turn cartilage extracellular matrix which have started to mineralize and accumulate with calcium deposits known as hydroxyapatite back to the collagenous and glycoaminoglycan filled tissue it was originally.

    What makes the RAC antagonist so promising was the fact that the RA was fed to the lab rat of a single dosage orally and the effects on the growth plates and endochondral ossification became obvious after just a few days. If the RA can be taken orally, then it might be possible for the RAR antagonist to be taken orally as well.

    If the RAR antagonist can indeed be taken orally, then what we have would be one of the first and only true scientifically validated compounds discovered which can actually accelerate growth in growing children. This would have huge implications for children around the world who developed stunted growth from bad nutrition. If the RAR antagonist can be separated and isolated, using chemistry devices like HPLCs, and then concentrated, we might be able to mass produce this compound element.

    What is interesting is that the RAR antagonist can reverse the calcification and mineralization process so even if a person had a sliver of open growth plates left, they can start growing maybe even in a few weeks of a few millimeters.

    Since the human body produces the retinoic acid and the retinoic acid receptor antagonist endogenously, it would be safe to intake orally/ ingest. It is safe for human oral consumption.

    The 2nd compound which I discovered which may have evern bigger implications as I had researched in the previous post linked above is Parathyroid Hormone, PTH.

    In that post, I had quoted a phrase from the study entitled “Retinoic acid induces rapid mineralization and expression of mineralization-related genes in chondrocytes.

    “Mineralization was completely abolished by treatment with parathyroid hormone; this profound effect…”

    It seems that the PTH has the ability to break down the calcium deposits down. In terms of general biological and medical literature, the fact that PTH can cause calcium accumulation to be resorbed back into the blood is already a very well known point.

    From a webpage from Colorado State University

    Parathyroid hormone accomplishes its job by stimulating at least three processes:

    • Mobilization of calcium from bone: Although the mechanisms remain obscure, a well-documented effect of parathyroid hormone is to stimulate osteoclasts to reabsorb bone mineral, liberating calcium into blood.
    • Enhancing absorption of calcium from the small intestine: Facilitating calcium absorption from the small intestine would clearly serve to elevate blood levels of calcium. Parathyroid hormone stimulates this process, but indirectly by stimulating production of the active form of vitamin D in the kidney. Vitamin D induces synthesis of a calcium-binding protein in intestinal epithelial cells that facilitates efficient absorption of calcium into blood.

    Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone is seen in two forms:

    • Primary hyperparathyroidism is the result of parathyroid gland disease, most commonly due to a parathyroid tumor (adenoma) which secretes the hormone without proper regulation. Common manifestations of this disorder are chronic elevations of blood calcium concentration (hypercalcemia), kidney stones and decalcification of bone.
    • Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the situation where disease outside of the parathyroid gland leads to excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone. A common cause of this disorder is kidney disease – if the kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium, blood calcium levels will fall, stimulating continual secretion of parathyroid hormone to maintain normal calcium levels in blood. Secondary hyperparathyroidism can also result from inadequate nutrition – for example, diets that are deficient in calcium or vitamin D, or which contain excessive phosphorus (e.g. all meat diets for carnivores). A prominent effect of secondary hyperparathyroidism is decalcification of bone, leading to pathologic fractures or “rubber bones”.

    There is no doubt that chronic secretion or continuous infusion of parathyroid hormone leads to decalcification of bone and loss of bone mass. However, in certain situations, treatment with parathyroid hormone can actually stimulate an increase in bone mass and bone strength.

    Analysis & Interpretation:

    Another great resource I have used to learn more about the Parathyroid Hormone is the website Parathyroid.com. The thing is that one can stimulate calcium mineral deposits to break apart using the PTH. If you can extract enough calcium, the bones turn into “rubber” (or become very easy to fracture as well) which means that we can then probably stretch the bones.

    I had already concluded in two previous, pivotal posts that the compound PTHrP (Parathyroid Hormone related Peptide) is most likely the key to induce the first step for adults with no cartilage to possibly dissolve the hard bone matrix for cartilage replacement using other growth factors with more chondrogenic effects. This post seems to put more anecdotal, but still weak evidence in showing that either PTH or PTHrP can be used for our ultimate goal of achieving bone lengthening after the cartilages completely disappear.

    It seems that we have quite  a few ways to demineralize bone and give it just enough elastic properties to strength the bones.

    I like to conclude this pivotal post with the link for how one can actually turn bone into rubber-like using vinegar for an elementary school science project.

    Non-Invasive Union Of Long Bone Fractures Using Electrical Stimulations, A Final Conclusion

    Just today while I was doing research towards the patent and research done by Brighton on applying electrical stimulation and capacitative electrical fields to accelerate epiphyseal growth plate growth, I found another old article published showing that applying some type of electrical stimulation will lead to fractures in bones, whether long, short irregular to heal. Any non-unions because the fractures are too big are more likely to heal and join together.

    Since I am having some trouble copy and pasting the title, author, and abstract below, I have clipped and pasted a pic of the top of the article below.

    non invasive electrical stimulation


    What is important to get out of this post is to realize that the idea of using PEMF or some type of capacitative electrical field would indeed help bone formation, bone healing, and bone growth, but it will not help our endeavor, unless the individual is willing to accept the idea of using some type of bone distraction method, where a fracture has to be first induced.

    The researchers at the end in the section for “discussion” notes that the PEMF idea is a very simple and safe non-invasive approach to heal bone fractures that don’t heal very well. Before the application of the PEMF, the patients in cast has not had any union in bone segments. After the application of the PEMF, the union occurred in most of the broken bones around or before 6 months. The researchers at the time did not know what was the molecular mechanism which caused the bones to heal from the PEMF application. There doesn’t seem to be a lot of evidence that callus was formed on the outside. There was evidence however that blood vessels did develop though, and this was followed by gradual interfragmentary callus formation.

    The conclusion is that PEMF works, and it will lead to bone growth, just not in the way that we are hoping for. It can always be used as a part of any proposed technique or method we might come up with, when it comes time to create revascularization, and callus formation.